Last week I blogged about top secret sites around the world.
This week I'm blogging about the most protected places on Earth. These two
topics are not the same. Secret Sites asks the question 'what goes on there'
where protected places simply refer to the value of contents that need to be protected
whether people or valuable objects.
Criminals will go to any lengths to get a hold of high-value
assets. Powerful institutions, meanwhile, have secrets to guard and V.I.P.s to
protect. Over the centuries, that's created a kind of arms race between the bad
guys and the security experts. Whether it's Fort Knox, Buckingham Palace, or
the White House, protective measures seem to get stricter each year.
The White House (protecting the President of the United States)
Things have progressed a great deal since 1812 when President
James Madison ordered 100 volunteer militiamen to guard the White House from
imminent attack by the invading British. At that time, the volunteer army retreated
from the advancing British forces. Today, the Secret Service provides the
strict security that keeps the President and his family safe.
Needless to say, the Secret Service is tight-lipped about
the details of guarding the White House. We do know that armed emergency
response teams patrol the grounds and snipers are stationed on the White House
roof. Other security measures include the steel perimeter fence, an array of
sensors to detect intruders and bulletproof windows.
Lascaux Cave (protecting millenniums old art)
The Lascaux Cave is a complex of underground caverns in
southwestern France's Dordogne region. It's home to some of the most
extraordinary cave art anywhere in the world. Stunning images of bison, ibexes
and horses dating back as much as 20,000 years cover the walls. It's no
surprise that these priceless artworks, first discovered in 1940, are well
protected.
Steel doors and security cameras keep guard. Unfortunately,
these paintings—some of humans earliest artworks—have been under threat from
unwanted microbes causing mold formation. These were introduced to the cave in
the time when as many as 2,000 people visited each day. The caves were closed
to the public in 1963, and now human visits are strictly limited for
conservation and academic purposes.
Fort Knox (protecting the nation's gold)
Although the building looks something like a massive
mausoleum, Kentucky's Fort Knox contains gold bullion rather than bodies.
According to the MoneyWise website, the value of all the gold bars (27.5
pounds each) stashed there is around $190 billion. That calls for serious guarding
including a vault door that weighs in at 20 tons.
The walls are made from granite with a concrete inner layer
and overall the building includes 1,420 tons of steel. Guard posts overlook the
entrance gate to the vault grounds which, are surrounded by a steel fence, and
the building itself has sentry points at each of its corners. When it opened
for business in 1936, the authorities imposed a strict rule, still in force
today. In the words of the U.S. Mint's website, "No visitors are permitted
in the facility." Fort Knox is actually the name of the army base that surrounds
the United States Gold Depository. Being in the middle of an army base
certainly provides increased security.
Houses of Parliament London, U.K. (protecting the United
Kingdom's government)
The House of Lords and the House of Commons sit in separate
chambers in this magnificent Gothic edifice completed in 1860. It's set on the
River Thames and is watched over from the land side by a statue of Sir Winston
Churchill. It has had its share of attacks over the years, although it was a
different building that was nearly blown up in the Gunpowder Plot led by Guy
Fawkes in 1605. He and his co-conspirators were apprehended and put to death.
The chances of anyone managing to smuggle explosives into
Parliament's basement today as Fawkes did are pretty much nil. Tight security
surrounds the building and although visitors are allowed they have to go
through strict checks. If you visit, you'll pass through a scanner to confirm
that you don't have any weapons. Once inside the building, you'll be covered by
cameras at all times and will notice armed police patrolling.
Bank Of England Gold Vault, London (protecting England's
gold)
Bank of England Gold Vault sits beneath the institution's
imposing headquarters on London's Threadneedle Street, where it's been since
1734. The current vaults were constructed in the 1930s, and today there are
some 400,000 gold bars stored there worth about $280 billion.
A tempting target for any bank robber, but the chances of
any criminal making off with any of the Bank of England's gold are slim and
growing slimmer. The vault's walls are eight feet thick. The doors require keys
that are a foot long and only open when accompanied by voice-activated
software.
Granite Mountain Records Vault, Utah (protecting the
records of the Mormon Church)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or the
Mormon Church as it's better known, has its main temple in Salt Lake City,
Utah. The Granite Mountain Records Vault, opened in 1965, is much less well
known and set in the mountains near Salt Lake. This vault is carved some 700
feet into the heart of a mountain, has 14-ton doors and is said to be
nuclear-bombproof.
But the Mormon secure vault doesn't store worldly wealth. It
houses the Church's archives which include extensive genealogical records. There
are 3.5 billion images recorded on microfilm which is in the process of being
digitized.
ADX Florence Supermax Prison, Colorado (protecting the
public from the most dangerous criminals)
The ADX Florence Prison in Colorado hosts some of the most
dangerous criminals in the world. The Unabomber Ted Kaczynski, 9/11 plotter
Zacarias Moussaoui and Mexican cartel boss Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman
are some of those incarcerated in America's highest security prison. Called by
some The Alcatraz of the Rockies, the institution includes 12 gun
towers, which are supplemented by armed patrols on the ground.
Once you're locked up in ADX Florence, you'll be spending up
to 23 hours each day in a cell measuring 7 ft by 12 ft with solid concrete
furnishings. When you leave your cell, you'll be wearing leg irons and
handcuffs with waist chains. The prison includes 1,400 electronically operated
doors and is surrounded by a 12 ft razor-wire fence. Even for notorious prison
escapee El Chapo, ADX Florence is the end of the line.
Buckingham Palace, London (protecting the UK's reigning
monarch)
Buckingham Palace is the principal residence of the United
Kingdom's reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. It's a major draw for tourists
who flock there to see the pageantry of the changing of the guard. But as the
residence of the monarch, the palace is also one of the most closely guarded
locations in the U.K. High walls topped by barbed wire and security cameras surround
the palace grounds. Senior members of the royal family are protected round the
clock by security personnel specially trained by the SAS.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway (protecting crop seeds
and the food chain)
It's easy enough to understand the impulse to protect gold
bullion, important data and national leaders, but what about seeds? It turns
out that one of the world’s most secure locations is expressly designed to
preserve seeds. The Global Seed Vault is on the Norwegian island of Svalbard,
which lies about 650 miles from the North Pole. It's literally a giant secure
refrigerator filled with seeds.
The Svalbard Vault contains some 930,000 varieties of crop
seeds, stored at the end of a tunnel that runs for 430 feet into a mountain.
Much of modern agriculture depends on a very few plant strains. So this massive
seed bank is a kind of insurance policy against catastrophic crop failure. As
one of the vault's managers said, "Inside this building is 13,000 years of
agricultural history."
The Kremlin, Moscow (protecting Russia's president)
The Kremlin, the Russian president's official residence in
central Moscow, is actually a whole estate with some 15 different buildings.
The complex includes gardens, museums, and churches. Overlooking the Russian
capital's Red Square, the Kremlin covers 68 acres and is surrounded by a
1.5-mile long wall. In some places this formidable barrier is 21 ft thick.
A special unit of elite troops guards the Kremlin. An
unusual qualification each of them must reportedly have is the ability to hear
a whisper from a distance of 20 ft. There are said to be around 500 soldiers
attached to the Kremlin's dedicated guard unit with special forces, tanks, and
armored vehicles on call near by.
Iron Mountain, Boyers, Pennsylvania (protecting mushrooms
then data)
The large hole in Iron Mountain, which looms over Boyers,
Pennsylvania, was originally an iron ore mine. In 1936, Herman Knaust procured
the defunct mine which extended 220 feet below ground. He started a mushroom
farm which was a success at first. In the1950s, the mushroom business began to fade.
Knaust needed to find another use for his ex-mine. He hit upon the idea of
storing documents and valuable items such as historic photos. However, now that
we've moved into the era of digital data, the mine is being brought up to date
with the installation of secure servers.
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Gold Vault (protecting
more of the U.S. gold)
The United States Gold Depository at Fort Knox may be the
best-known U.S. gold storage facility, but the vault at the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York actually contains more gold. It's stored deep beneath the
Federal Reserve Bank's downtown New York headquarters. The vault lies some 30
feet below the city's subway system.
Not all of the 6,190 tons of gold stored there belong to the
U.S. government. Much of it belongs to foreign powers and international
organizations, which obviously believe New York is a safe place for their
bullion. According to the Fed's own website, the vault entrance is protected by
"a 90-ton steel cylinder…set within a 140-ton steel-and-concrete frame."
Motion sensors, armed guards and cameras monitor around the clock.
Surtsey Island, Iceland (protecting a preserved
scientific UNESCO site)
A three-and-a-half-year eruption in the volcanic waters
around Iceland was dramatic enough to form a whole new island when it ended
1967. Located roughly 20 miles off country's south coast, scientists took an
early interest in the island's appearance even as the mass had barely cooled.
Researchers commandeered the island in 1964. Their aim was
to study how animals and plants became established on newly-formed land. The
348-acre rock eventually attracted more than 330 species of invertebrates and
various other bird, fungi and lichen species. To preserve the study area, the
island is accessible to only a handful of scientists and was given UNESCO World
Heritage status in 2008.
Tomb of the Qin Shi Huang, China (protecting a priceless terracotta
army)
In 1974, farmers in China's Shaanxi region unearthed a
sizeable army of terracotta sculptures representing the military personnel of
the country's first serving emperor, Qin Shi Huang. The detailed figurines, numbering
in the thousands, date back to around 200B.C. The find filled the ruler's
subterranean burial network and is considered among the most significant in
history.
The grounds where the terracotta soldiers stand are among
the most notable tourist attractions in China. The actual tomb is shrouded in
secrecy. There are rumors of extreme security measures protecting the crypt
from trespassers, and deadly levels of mercury have been recorded in the
compound. About 2,000 of the incredible sculptures are visible to visitors. But
several thousand more, along with other valuables, could still be concealed in
the burial chamber.
Pluto’s Gate, Turkey (protecting ancient ruins)
Pamukkale, which translates from Turkish as "cotton
castle," may sound like a slice of heaven on Earth. The city's tourism
industry was founded on its thermal spas thousands of years ago, and today
relies on its impressive collection of Roman ruins. There's a deadly enigma
nestled among the ancient relics, and it's known as the Pluto's Gate.
Also known as the Gate to Hell, archaeologists first
discovered Pluto's Gate in 2013, when they followed the path of a thermal
spring. However, clouds of natural gases that emanate from the site have
rendered the historic spot unsafe for people to visit. The same volcanic
activity that formed the hot springs is also responsible for levels of carbon
dioxide deadly enough to suffocate a human in under 30 minutes.
Niihau, U.S.A. (protecting a sacred site)
Hawaii is made up of multiple islands, each with inviting
names, where visitors can lose themselves. Some tourists opt to hop from Maui
(the "Valley Isle") to Oahu (the "Gathering Place"), Kauai
(the "Garden Island") and beyond. But even if they think they've
taken in all the country's highlights, they'll never see Niihau, the "Forbidden
Island."
The historic Niihau lies 17 miles from Kauai's coastline,
and is only visible when the epic sunsets seen from Kekaha Beach intensifies
the Forbidden Island's silhouette. The 70-square-mile idyll has been privately
owned since 1864, and is prohibited for anyone outside of the inhabitants'
direct descendants. It was the Hawaiian king's wish to preserve the place as he
had known it.
Vatican Secret Archives, Vatican City (protecting the
church's secrets)
In March 2020, historians were granted rare access to files
stored in the Vatican secret archives. German researchers there found documents
dating to World War II indicating that the Catholic Church was aware of the
Holocaust some time before they acknowledged it. The damning papers suggesting
a cover-up are among centuries of closely-guarded records including letters,
state papers, and accounts kept in the vault.
Some say the archives contain proof of aliens and demons. It's
also alleged that documents show the Church was involved in fascist activities
in the mid-1900s. However, only the most learned of educators and scholars are
granted access to the Vatican's files after a rigorous vetting process. Casual
visitors will never know what secrets live there.
Ise Grand Shrine, Japan (protecting a sacred shrine)
Japan is a nation with a rich culture of temples and shrines.
It is thought there are more than 80,000 shrines sprinkled across its islands.
Perhaps most notable is the Ise Grand Shrine. It's a complex building, believed
to be the most expensive in the country due to its intricate architecture. It's
renovated every two decades, an undertaking that costs around one million
dollars. The process represents death and rebirth, a pillar of the Shinto
religion. Only members of Japan's imperial family are allowed to enter this
sacred building. Tourists may only admire its beauty from afar.